新型农业经营主体开展农产品电子商务的现状及问题探析

文章首先对家庭农场（专业大户）、农民专业合作社以及农业产业化龙头企业等新型农业经营主体开展农产品电子商务现状进行梳理,归纳总结了各类主体开展农产品电子商务的特点以及采用的电子商务模式。其次,从客观条件和主观意识2个方面,分析了制约新型农业经营主体开展农产品电子商务的关键因素。最后,从政府管理层面和新型农业经营主体层面分别提出了促进农产品电子商务采纳的对策建议,即在政府管理层面,要从人才培养、智慧物流、精准施政、第三方服务等方面扫清障碍;在新型农业经营主体层面,提倡品牌定位精准化、生产流程标准化、生产过程可视化、营销模式多元化、产品包装规格化,充分发挥新型农业经营主体在推动农产品电子商务发展和农业现代化建设中的示范引领作用。     

伊犁马对补喂α-酮异己酸的吸收及其某些相关代谢的研究

为探究伊犁马对补喂不同水平α-酮异己酸的吸收及其某些相关代谢,采取单因素多水平试验设计方法,选取20匹年龄为1岁,体重(295.25±25.15)kg的伊犁马,分成4组,每组5匹。试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组分别补喂6、12、18 gα-酮异己酸,进行为期25 d的试验。在试验第25天采集血液样品。结果表明:(1)随着α-酮异己酸补喂水平的增加,血浆中α-酮异己酸浓度的变化呈先上升后下降的趋势。与对照组相比,补喂α-酮异己酸1 h后各试验组血浆α-酮异己酸浓度分别提高了11.2%、7.86%和21.51%,且均达到了峰值(P>0.05);(2)随着α-酮异己酸补喂水平的增加,血浆中β-羟基-β-甲基丁酸浓度的变化呈先下降后上升再下降的趋势。与对照组相比,各试验组补喂前0 h血浆β-羟基-β-甲基丁酸浓度呈下降趋势,补喂后1、2、4 h血浆β-羟基-β-甲基丁酸浓度均有所升高(P>0.05);(3)与对照组相比,各试验组血浆α-酮异己酸和β-羟基-β-甲基丁酸浓度均差异不显著(P>0.05);试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组血浆亮氨酸浓度分别提高了22.40%和22.24%(P>0.05);试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅲ组血浆异亮氨酸浓度极显著降低(P<0.01);血浆缬氨酸浓度显著降低(P<0.05);试验Ⅲ组血浆赖氨酸、甲硫氨酸、精氨酸和谷氨酰胺浓度均显著降低(P<0.05);各试验组血浆5-羟色胺浓度极显著降低(P<0.01);试验Ⅲ组血浆三甲基组氨酸浓度降低了18.74%(P>0.05)。补喂α-酮异己酸提高了伊犁马血浆α-酮异己酸浓度,且各试验组均在补喂后1 h达到峰值;提高了血浆β-羟基-β-甲基丁酸和亮氨酸的浓度。通过补喂不同水平的α-酮异己酸,改变了伊犁马对某些氨基酸的吸收利用。     

晚熟苹果新品种‘华蜜’

苹果新品种‘华蜜’是以‘金冠’作母本，‘华富’作父本，杂交选育而成。果实圆锥形，果形指数1.1，平均单果质量220 g；果皮鲜红色，底色黄绿色，果面较光滑，果点中大；果肉较细，淡黄色，肉质松脆多汁，去皮硬度7.5 kg • cm-2，可溶性固形物含量17.5%，口感香甜，有香味，品质上等。果实生育期168 d左右，属晚熟品种，在辽宁省兴城地区10月下旬成熟，产量32 t • hm-2。     

安徽省草鱼养殖群体遗传多样性及遗传结构分析

通过微卫星分子标记对来自安徽省4个草鱼养殖群体进行遗传分析。结果表明,7个微卫星位点均具有高度多态性(PIC=0.863～0.926),4个草鱼群体均显示出较高的遗传多样性(He=0.886 1～0.911 4)。AMOVA分析显示,大多数遗传变异存在于草鱼群体内(97.6%),群体间的遗传变异仅为2.4%。遗传分化和遗传距离分析显示,4个群体整体分化水平较低(Fst0.05),怀远和滁州群体遗传分化最小(Fst=0.013 7),遗传距离最近(Dn=0.269 8),池州和无为群体遗传分化最大(Fst=0.042 5),遗传距离最远(Dn=0.591 6)。系统进化树显示,怀远和滁州群体亲缘关系最近,与池州最远。此外,4个养殖场内部草鱼均存在近亲繁殖现象。建议4个养殖场及时更新亲本,增加繁殖亲本的数量,避免近交衰退带来的风险。     

A Lymphoid Organ Specific Anti-Lipopolysaccharide Factor from Litopenaeus vannamei Exhibits Strong Antimicrobial Activities

Different shrimp species are known to possess apparent distinct resistance to different pathogens in aquaculture. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this finding still remains unknown. One kind of important antimicrobial peptides, anti-lipopolysaccharide factors (ALF), exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities. Here, we reported a newly identified ALF from the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and compared the immune function with its counterpart in the shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis. The ALF, designated as LvALF8, was specifically expressed in the lymphoid organ of L. vannamei. The expression level of LvALF8 was apparently changed after white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) or Vibrio parahaemolyticus challenges. The synthetic LBD peptide of LvALF8 (LvALF8-LBD) showed strong antibacterial activities against most tested Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. LvALF8-LBD could also inhibit the in vivo propagation of WSSV similar as FcALF8-LBD, the LBD of LvALF8 counterpart in F. chinensis. However, LvALF8-LBD and FcALF8-LBD exhibited apparently different antibacterial activity against V. parahaemolyticus, the main pathogen causing acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) of affected shrimp. A structural analysis showed that the positive net charge and amphipathicity characteristics of LvALF8-LBD peptide were speculated as two important components for its enhanced antimicrobial activity compared to those of FcALF8-LBD. These new findings may not only provide some evidence to explain the distinct disease resistance among different shrimp species, but also lay out new research ground for the testing and development of LBD-originated antimicrobial peptides to control of shrimp diseases.     

贮运条件对草莓主要色素成分稳定性的影响

草莓在贮藏和运输期间会产生褪色现象,花青素含量逐渐减少。为研究光照时间、温度、pH、金属离子对草莓花青素的影响,探索合适的加工与贮运条件,在花青素含量保持一致的情况下设置4种反应条件,探讨光照时间、温度、pH、金属离子对草莓花青素的影响。草莓花青素在自然光下照射8 h,吸光度值下降25%,温度高于60℃后,吸光度值下降67%。当pH>7时,吸光度值下降85%,添加Na⁺、Mg²⁺后的色素提取液反应2 h后所测吸光度值分别保持在0.070和0.050左右,而添加Fe³⁺后测得的吸光度值下降87%。实验结果表明,草莓在贮运过程中应避光、低温、保持酸性条件,且避免与铁制品接触。     

Improvement,identification, and target prediction for miRNAs in the porcine genome by using massive,public high-throughput sequencing data

Despite the broad variety of available microRNA (miRNA) research tools and methods, their application to the identification, annotation, and target prediction of miRNAs in nonmodel organisms is still limited. In this study, we collected nearly all public sRNA-seq data to improve the annotation for known miRNAs and identify novel miRNAs that have not been annotated in pigs (Sus scrofa). We newly annotated 210 mature sequences in known miRNAs and found that 43 of the known miRNA precursors were problematic due to redundant/missing annotations or incorrect sequences. We also predicted 811 novel miRNAs with high confidence, which was twice the current number of known miRNAs for pigs in miRBase. In addition, we proposed a correlation-based strategy to predict target genes for miRNAs by using a large amount of sRNA-seq and RNA-seq data. We found that the correlation-based strategy provided additional evidence of expression compared with traditional target prediction methods. The correlation-based strategy also identified the regulatory pairs that were controlled by nonbinding sites with a particular pattern, which provided abundant complementarity for studying the mechanism of miRNAs that regulate gene expression. In summary, our study improved the annotation of known miRNAs, identified a large number of novel miRNAs, and predicted target genes for all pig miRNAs by using massive public data. This large data-based strategy is also applicable for other nonmodel organisms with incomplete annotation information.     

群井开采对毛乌素沙地地下水位的影响——以榆林市榆阳区昌汗敖包村土地开发项目为例

为探究毛乌素沙地大规模现代化高标准农田地下水开采对地下水位的影响，以榆林市榆阳区昌汗敖包村土地开发项目地下水监测网覆盖区作为研究区，选取分布于研究区的8眼机井进行了为期1年的地下水位埋深动态特征监测。结果表明:在灌溉期间，地下水位埋深呈先减小后增大的趋势；灌溉结束至进入下个灌溉周期之前，地下水位埋深逐渐增大至正常值。因此群井开采并未对项目区地下水位造成实质影响。      

河套地区种植方式与密度对'张杂谷19号'产量的影响

为明确河套地区不同栽培模式对'张杂谷19号'产量的影响,以新抗旱谷子杂交种'张杂谷19号'为试验材料,研究3种种植方式（干旱无膜、干旱覆膜及灌溉无膜）和5种密度（4.5万、9万、13.5万、22.5万、45万株/hm²）对'张杂谷19号'稳产和丰产性的影响。结果表明,正常灌溉条件下,'张杂谷9号'的产量随着种植密度的增加而增加。当密度为45万株/hm²时产量最高,达到8724.36 kg/hm²。而干旱条件下,适宜种植密度可以同样获得较高产量,与正常灌溉条件下最高产量差异不显著。当种植密度为9万~ 45万株/hm²时,产量普遍提高到7700 kg/hm²以上,最高可达8654.33 kg/hm²。河套地区'张杂谷19号'播前灌溉1次足水、地膜覆盖及种植密度9万~45万株/hm²,可以实现水分高效利用和产量达到较高水平。